Korean Grammar : Active verbs and Passive verbs

YunJong - Sun, 07/24/2022 - 20:03

Korean Grammar : Active verbs and Passive verbs

Generally, 이, 히, 리, 기 are the passive markers and the following details are the general rules about which passive marker is applied to each word. Sometimes, the words: 받다, 지다, 되다, 당하다 are also added to the active verbs in order to make passive verbs.

“에 의해” means “by”(the active doer); however, “에 의해” is often omitted and sometimes we use indirect object marker “에게” instead of “에 의해”, depending on the context.

Ex) 제 친구는 저에게 문자 메시지를 보냈어요.

My friend sent a text message to me.

문자 메시지는 (제 친구에 의해) 저에게 보내졌어요.

A text message was sent to me (by my friend).

1. Passive marker 이

Generally, if the infinitive stem of a verb ends with a vowel or ends with one of the consonants: ㅎ,ㅍ, or, ㄲ, ‘이’ is added after the infinitive stem.

Ex) 보다 to see, to watch – 보이다 to be seen, It looks like

쓰다 to write – 쓰이다 (or) 쓰여지다 to be written

놓다 to put – 놓이다 to be put

쌓다 to pile up – 쌓이다 to be piled up

2. Passive marker 히

Generally, if the infinitive stem of a verb ends with one of the bottom consonants ㅂ,ㄷ, ㅈ, or ㄱ, ‘히’ is added after the infinitive stem.

Ex) 먹다 to eat – 먹히다 to be eaten

닫다 to close – 닫히다 to be closed

뽑다 to pick – 뽑히다 to be picked

읽다 to read – 읽히다 to be read

잊다to forget – 잊히다 to be forgotten

잡다 to hold, to catch – 잡히다 to be held, to be caught

3. Passive marker 리

Generally, if the infinitive stem of a verb ends with the bottom consonant ㄷ, and ㄷ changes to ㄹ during its conjugation, ‘리’ is added after the conjugated stem.

Ex) 듣다to listen, to hear – 들리다 to be heard, It sounds like

Generally, if the infinitive stem of a verb ends with the syllable ‘르’ or ends with the bottom consonant ㄹ, ‘리’ is added after the infinitives stem.

Ex) 열다 to open – 열리다 to be opened, to be held

팔다 to sell – 팔리다 to be sold

4. Passive marker 기

Generally, if the infinitive stem of a verb ends with one of the bottom consonants: ㄴ, ㄷ, ㅈ, ㅁ, or ㅅ, ‘기’ is added after the infinitive stem.

Ex) 안다 to hug – 안기다 to be hugged

잠그다 to lock – 잠기다 to be locked

믿다 to trust, to believe – 믿기다 to be believed

쫒다 to chase – 쫒기다 to be chased

뺏다 to deprive – 뺏기다 to be deprived

5. Add the passive voice words: 받다, 되다, 당하다

Generally, if the infinitive verb has the word 하다, 하다 changes to one of the following words 받다, 되다, and 당하다 to make passive voice. There is no rule for which passive word is used when we make the passive voice so you have to learn them by heart.

Ex) 환불하다 to refund – 환불되다 (or) 환불받다 to be refunded

인정하다 to recognize – 인정받다 to be recognized

초대하다 to invite – 초대받다 to be invited

환영하다 to welcome – 환영받다 to be welcomed

이용하다 to use – 이용당하다 to be taken advantage

설득하다 to persuade – 설득당하다 to be persuaded

발송하다 to send out – 발송되다 to be sent out

포함하다 to include – 포함되다 to be included

6. Add the verb지다

Sometimes the verb ‘지다’ meaning ‘to become’ is also used to make the passive voice by adding the word ‘지다’ to the conjugated stem of an active verb.

Ex) 깨다to break (glass) – 깨지다 to be broken (glass)

만들다 to make – 만들어지다 to be made

보내다 to send – 보내지다 to be sent

끄다to turn off – 꺼지다to be turned off

켜다to turn on – 켜지다to be turned on

주다 to give – 주어지다 to be given

7. Others

Ex) 치다 to hit – 맞다 to get hit

Table of active verbs and passive verbs

Infinitive

active verbs

Conjugated active verbs

Infinitive

passive verbs

Conjugated passive verbs

듣다

to listen

들어요

들리다

to be heard

It sounds like

들려요

닫다

to close

닫아요

닫히다

to be closed

닫혀요

열다

to open

열어요

열리다

to be opened

to be held

열려요

보다

to see

봐요

보이다

to be seen

It looks like, It seems to

보여요

팔다

to sell

팔아요

팔리다

to be sold

팔려요

뺏다

to steal

뺏어요

뺏기다

to be stolen

뺏겨요

밀다

to push

밀어요

밀리다

to be pushed

밀려요

놓다

to put

놓아요

놓이다

to be put

놓여 있다

to be put (status)

놓여요

놓여 있어요

뽑다

to pick

뽑아요

뽑히다

to be picked

뽑혀요

사용하다

to use

사용해요

사용되다

to be used

사용돼요

잡다

to catch

잡아요

잡히다

to be caught

잡혀요

안다

to hug

안아요

안기다

to be hugged

안겨요

읽다

to read

읽어요

읽히다

to be read

읽혀요

당기다

to pull

당겨요

당겨지다

to be pulled

당겨져요

잊다

to forget

잊어요

잊히다

to be forgotten

잊혀요

만들다

to make

만들어요

만들어지다

to be made

만들어져요

포함하다

to include

포함해요

포함되다

to be included

포함돼요

모으다

to collect

모아요

모아지다

to be collected

모아져요

요리하다

to cook

요리해요

요리되다

to be cooked

요리돼요

준비하다

to prepare

준비해요

준비되다

to be prepared

준비돼요

배달하다

to deliver

배달해요

배달되다

to be delivered

배달돼요

처벌하다

to punish

처벌해요

처벌받다

to be punished

처벌받아요

발달하다

to develop

발달해요

발달되다

to be developed

발달돼요

보내다

to send

보내요

보내지다

to be sent

보내져요

집중하다

to concentrate

집중해요

집중되다

to be concentrated

집중돼요

취소하다

to cancel

취소해요

취소되다

to be canceled

취소돼요

더하다

to add

더해요

더해지다

to be added

더해져요

결정하다

to decide

결정해요

결정되다

to be decided

결정돼요

결합하다

to combine

결합해요

결합되다

to be combined

결합돼요

보장하다

to guarantee

보장해요

보장되다

to be guaranteed

보장돼요

깨다

to break (glass)

깨요

깨지다

to be broken (glass)

깨져요

부수다

to break

(machine or furniture)

부서요

부서지다

to be broken

(machine or furniture)

부서져요

협박하다

to threat

협박해요

협박당하다

to be threaten

협박당해요

결제하다

to purchase

결제해요

결제되다

to be purchased

결제돼요

이루다

to make something come true

이뤄요

이뤄지다

to be came true

이뤄져요

끌다

to draw

끌어요

끌리다

to be drawn

끌려요

공급하다

to provide

공급해요

공급받다

to be provided

공급받아요

생산하다

to produce

생산해요

생산되다

to be produced

생산돼요

허락하다

to allow

허락해요

허락받다

to be allowed

to get a permission

허락받아요

쌓다

to accumulate

쌓아요

쌓이다

to be accumulated

쌓여요

지우다

to erase

지워요

지워지다

to be erased

지워졌어요

전하다

to spread (words)

전해요

전해지다

to be spreaded (words)

전해져요

환영하다

to welcome

환영해요

환영받다

to be welcomed

환영받아요

인정하다

to recognize

인정해요

인정받다

to be recognized

인정받아요

설득하다

to persuade

설득해요

설득당하다

to be persuaded

설득당해요

짓다

to build

지어요

지어지다

to be built

지어져요

환불하다

to refund

환불해요

환불되다

to be refunded

환불받다

to be refunded

환불돼요

이용하다

to use

이용해요

이용당하다

to be taken advantaged

이용당해요

끄다

to turn off

꺼요

꺼지다

to be turned off

꺼져요

쓰다

to write

to use

써요

쓰이다 (or) 쓰여지다

to be written

to be used

쓰여(져)있다

to be written (status)

쓰여요

쓰여져요

쓰여(져)있어요

믿다

to trust

to believe

믿어요

믿기다

to be trusted

to be believed

믿겨요

연장하다

to extend

연장해요

연장되다

to be extended

연장돼요

주다

to give

줘요

주어지다

to be given

주어져요

부과하다

to impose/charge

부과해요

부과되다

to be imposed/charged

부과돼요

치다

to hit

쳐요

맞다

to get hit

맞아요

…

Exercise 1) Fill in the blanks with the passive words like in the given example sentence below.

Ex) 저는 바다를 봐요. I see the ocean.

→ 바다가 보여요. The ocean is seen (to my eyes).

1) 문을 닫았어요. (닫다 to close, 닫히다 to be closed)

I closed the door.

→ 문이 .

The door was closed.

2) 과거 기억을 모두 잊었어요.

(과거 past, 기억 memory, 모두 all, 잊히다 to be forgotten)

I forgot all about my past memories.

→ 과거 기억이 모두 .

All of my past memories are forgotten.

3) 저는 제 친구를 안았어요. (안다to hug, 안기다 to be hugged)

I hugged my friend.

→ 제 친구는 저에게 .

My friend was hugged to me.

4) 컵을 탁자 위에 놓아요. (탁자 table, 위 on, 놓여 있다 to be put)

I put a cup on the table.

→ 컵이 탁자 위에 .

A cup is put on the table.

5) 글자를 종이에 써요.

[글자 letters, 종이 paper, 쓰이다 to be written, 쓰여(져) 있다 to be written (status)]

I write letters on the paper.

→ 글자가 종이에 .

Letters are written on the paper.

6) 옆집에서 시끄러운 소리를 들었어요.

(시끄러운 소리 loud noise, 옆집 next door, 들리다 to be heard)

I heard a loud noise from next door.

→ 옆집에서 시끄러운 소리가 .

A loud noise was heard from next door.

7) 해외 동전을 오랫동안 모았어요.

(해외 foreign/overseas, 동전 coins, 오랫동안 for a long time, 모으다 to collect, 모아지다 to be collected)

I collected foreign coins for a long time.

→ 해외 동전이 오랫동안 .

The foreign coins were collected for a long time.

8) 그녀는 화장품을 인터넷으로 팔아요.

(화장품 cosmetics, 인터넷으로 online, 팔리다 to be sold)

She sells cosmetics online.

화장품이 인터넷으로 .

Cosmetics are sold online.

9) 그들은 물고기를 잡았어요. (물고기 fish, 잡다 to catch, 잡히다 to be caught)

They caught fish.

물고기가 .

Fish were caught.

10) 줄을 당겨요. (줄 rope, 당기다 to pull, 당겨지다 to be pulled)

Pull the rope.

→ 줄이 .

The rope is pulled.

11) 갑자기 창문을 열었어요. (창문 window, 갑자기 suddenly, 열리다 to be opened)

I opened the window suddenly.

→ 갑자기 창문이 .

Suddenly, the window (was) opened.

12) 경찰이 도둑을 잡았어요. (경찰 policeman, 도둑 thief)

A policeman caught a thief.

→ 도둑이 경찰에게 .

A thief was caught by a policeman.

13) 컴퓨터를 사용했어요. (사용하다 to use, 사용되다 to be used)

I used a computer.

→ 컴퓨터가 .

A computer was used.

14) 집주인이 월세에 전기료를 포함했어요.

(집주인 a landlord, 월세 rent, 전기료 electricity fee, 포함하다 to include, 포함되다)

A landlord included the electricity fee in the rent.

→ (집주인에 의해) 월세에 전기료가 .

The electricity fee was included in the rent (by the landlord).

15) 어머니께 편지를 썼어요. (쓰다 to write, 쓰여지다 to be written)

I wrote a letter to my mother.

→ 어머니께 편지가 .

A letter was written to my mother.

16) 깡패가 돈을 뺏었어요.

(깡패 a gangster, 돈 money, 뺏다 to steal, 뺏기다 to be stolen)

A gangster stole some money.

→ 깡패에게 돈이 .

Some money was stolen by a gangster.

17) 직접 만든 물건을 시장에서 팔았어요.

(직접 in person/by oneself, 팔다 to sell, 팔리다 to be sold)

I sold the stuff that I made by myself at the market.

→ 직접 만든 물건이 시장에서 .

The stuff that I made by myself was sold at the market.

18) 그 사람을 봤어요. (보다 to see, 보이다 to be seen)

I saw the person.

→ 그 사람이 .

The person was seen. (or) I could see the person.

19) 바람이 저를 밀었어요. (바람 wind, 밀다to push, 밀리다 to be pushed)

Wind pushed me.

→ (바람에 의해) 제가 .

I was pushed by the wind.

20) 배추로 김치를 만들어요.

(배추 cabbage, 만들다 to make, 만들어지다 to be made)

I make Kimchi with cabbage.

→ 배추로 김치가 .

Kimchi is made with cabbage.

21) 그의 손을 잡았어요. (잡다 to catch/hold, 잡히다 to be caught/held)

I held his hand.

→ 그의 손이 .

His hand was held.

22) 소문을 전해요. (소문 rumor, 전하다 to spread, 전해지다 to be spreaded)

I spread the rumor.

→ 소문이 .

The rumor was spreaded.

23) 책상을 만들어요. (만들다to make, 만들어지다 to be made)

I make a desk.

→ 책상이 .

A desk was made.

24) 내일 먹을 음식을 요리하고 있어요.

(요리하다 to cook, 요리되다 to be cooked)

I am cooking the food that I will eat tomorrow.

→ 내일 먹을 음식이 .

The food that I will eat tomorrow is being cooked.

25) 비 때문에 오늘 약속을 취소했어요.

(취소하다 to cancel, 취소되다 to be cancelled)

I cancelled today’s appointment due to rain.

→ 비 때문에 오늘 약속이 .

Today’s appointment was cancelled due to rain.

26) 상자를 놓았어요. (상자 a box, 놓다 to put, 놓여 있다 to be put)

I put a box.

→ 상자가 .

A box was put.

27) 경험을 쌓아요.

(경험 experience, 쌓다 to build/accumulate, 쌓이다 to be built/accumulated)

I build up experiences.

→ 경험이 .

Experiences are built up.

28) 부모님께서 외출을 허락하셨어요.

(외출 outing, 허락하다 to allow, 허락받다 to be allowed)

My parents allowed me to go on an outing.

→ 외출을 .

I was allowed to go for an outing.

29) 비행기표를 환불했어요. (환불하다 to refund, 환불되다 to be reimbursed)

I refunded my plane ticket.

→ 비행기표가 .

My plane ticket was reimbursed.

30) 사진 전시회를 열었어요. (전시회 exhibition, 열다 to hold, 열리다 to be held)

I held a photography exhibition.

→ 사진 전시회가 .

The photography exhibition was held.

31) 밖에 나갈 준비를 했어요.

(준비를 하다 to prepare, 준비가 되다 to be prepared/to be ready)

I prepared to go outside.

→ 밖에 나갈 준비가 .

I am ready to go outside.

Exercise 2) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate passive verbs.

1) 손님: 저기요, ‘첫사랑’이라는 책을 찾고 있는데 못 찾겠어요.

Excuse me, I am looking for the book called ‘first love’ but I can’t find it.

점원: 그 책은 다 서 없어요.

We don’t have it since the book is sold out.

2) A. 지금 듣고 있는 노래가 뭐예요?

What’s the song that you are listening now?

아주 흥미롭게 네요!

It sounds very interesting!

3) A. 그가 50살이라고요?!

You said he is 50 years old?!

B. 네, 그는 정말 어려 .

Yes, He looks very young.

A. 50살이라는 사실이 지 않아요.

I can’t believe the fact that he is 50 years old.

4) 2018년에 평창 동계 올림픽이 대한민국 평창에서 .

Pyeongchang winter Olympic was held in Pyeongchang, South Korea in 2018.

5) 여자: 괜찮으세요? 많이 피곤해 .

Are you ok? You look very tired.

남자: 시험 때문에 이틀동안 밤을 새웠어요.

Because of the test, I stayed up for two days.

6) A. 메뉴판에 가격에 세금이 있지 않아요.

Tax is not included in the price written in the menu.

B. 그래서 세금과 팁을 따로 내야 해요.

So we need to pay tax and tips separately.

7) 이 전기차는 어디에서 ?

From where was this electric car made?

8) 이 꽃병은 플라스틱으로 고 저 꽃병은 유리로 .

This flower vase is made in plastic and that flower vase is made in glass.

9) 선생님: 우리 말하기를 연습해 봅시다! 1분 후에 시작하겠습니다.

Let’s try practicing speaking! We will start in 1 minute.

(1분 후 a minute later)

선생님: 여러분, ?

Everyone, are you ready?

10) 손님: 음식 배달을 시키려는데 인천까지 음식이 ?

I plan to order food delivery and is food delivered to Incheon?

직원: 네, 음식이 인천까지 .

Yes, the food is delivered to Incheon.

직원: 하지만 추가 요금이 는데 괜찮으세요? (부과되다 to be charged)

However, extra fee is charged and are you ok with that?

11) A. 비가 많이 와서 야구 경기가 .

It rained a lot so the baseball match was cancelled.

B. 진짜요? 그럼 야구 경기표를 ?

Really? Then did you get your baseball match ticket reimbursed?

12) A. 저기에 누군가 있는 것 같아요.

I think someone is over there.

B. 정말요? 아무도 안 .

Really? I can’t see anyone.

13) 어렸을 때, 친구의 집에 놀러 가려면 부모님께로부터 아야 했어요

When I was young, if I try to go to play at my friend’s house, I needed to have a permission from my parents.

14) 뛰어난 사람들이나 유명한 사람들은 그들의 업적을 사람들이에요.

Excellent or famous people are the people who were recognized for their accomplishment.

15) A. 놀이 공원에 가지 않을 거라고 하지 않았어요?

Didn’t you say that you wouldn’t go to the amusement park?

B. 원래 그랬는데 친구들이 가자고 설득해서 .

Initially it was so but my friends persuaded me to go so I got convinced.

16) 이 고급 주택은 아주 오래 전에 .

This mansion was build very long time ago.

17) 환경에 잘 적응하는 편이에요?

Are you likely to adapt well to a given environment

정답 Answers

Exercise 1)

1. 닫혔어요

2. 잊혔어요

3. 안겼어요

4. 놓여 있어요

5. 쓰여(져) 있어요

6. 들렸어요

7. 모아졌어요

8. 팔려요

9. 잡혔어요

10. 당겨져요

11. 열렸어요

12. 잡혔어요

13. 사용됐어요

14. 포함됐어요

15. 쓰여졌어요

16. 뺏겼어요

17. 팔렸어요

18. 보였어요

19. 밀렸어요

20. 만들어져요

21. 잡혔어요

22. 전해졌어요

23. 만들어졌어요

24. 요리되고 있어요

25. 취소됐어요

26. 놓여 있어요

27. 쌓여요

28. 허락받았어요

29. 환불됐어요

30. 열렸어요.

31. 됐어요

Exercise 2)

1. 팔려

2. 들리

3. B. 보여요

A. 믿기

4. 열렸어요.

5. 보여요.

6. 쓰여 있는 (or) 쓰여진 (or) 쓰여져 있는 , 포함되어

7. 만들어 졌어요

8. 만들어 졌, 만들어 졌어요

9. 준비 됐어요

10. 배달돼요, 배달돼요, 부과되

11. 취소됐어요, 환불받았어요

12. 보여요

13. 허락받

14. 인정받은

15. 설득당했어요

16. 지어졌어요

17. 주어진

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